Applying Management Theories

Company A was initially formed as a group of engineering students to undertake the project of modifying and coding a Boot to automatically move around a maze as quickly as possible. The group was formed by Dry S. Watson, the project supervisor. The group consisted of four students: J. Peters, A. Shabbier, A. Mohammed and O. Added. The students began their project through the organized Company 1 meetings. In their first meeting they were introduced to each other, though J. Peters was absent, which disadvantaged him later in the project.The group cited that their first action would be to organize a group meeting in the week, before the next company meeting, a good pro-active decision. It was observed that no leadership took place in the group with everyone inputting questions that the group could not answer. The Part D students were then able to answer some questions. In the meeting the group did not discuss project strategy, but discussed sensor systems, there was no clear sensory sys tem decided with A. Shabbier wanting to research into sonar systems and A.Mohammed continuing research into IR sensors and QUIT sensors. Over the next two weeks the group began to realize their task and formed their project structure based on the diagram, [ Figure 1 ]. The strategy overall was carried out well throughout the group, as they became more aware of mistakes that may have occurred without the plan and check stages. Once the strategy was in place, the Plan section was implemented. Within the plan stage the group took into account the following factors for equipment choice: Cost, Complexity and Acceptability.An example of this method was the choice of sensors, the group decided to use IR sensors, as they were cheaper than sonar systems, they were the east complex of all the systems and achieved the groups' requirements. This decision making process was very powerful, as it gave the groups specific criteria that they had to uphold and it prevented members from verging off to pic, which they were prone to doing. Figure 1 – Plan check do act (PICA) model A main failure of the group however, was that they did not choose a project leader.Their failure resulted in a leaderless structure to the group, immediately disadvantaging the group, as there was no one to make key decisions. This can be seen by tensions formed in the group with regards to sub-systems. The group decided to create sub-systems and allocate a person per sub-system, though this was a sensible systematic approach (though it could have been improved by using at a job design chart, such as in [ Figure 21). Breaking down the sub-systems affected the group with some tasks much simpler and straight forward than others. This process led to J. Peters and A. Mohammed wanting the same roles.The decision was made by the rest of the group that A. Mohammed would be better suited to the desired role. J. Peters had little contact with the group up until that point and this showed in the groups' deci sion. J. Peters was left with the difficult task of producing the interim report for the group. This was a poor decision by the group as it meant that they issue also arose from the sub-system approach, where during one week; more than one member of the group was absent. This led to a halt in progress of the project in the areas where team members were away, as absent team members knew their role, but the other team members did not.This should have been factored into the projects' risk contingency plan; however this was yet to be created by J. Peters. This failure resulted in a week without progress and certainly created tension not only thin the group, but between the group and supervisor as well. A better strategy would have been to split the design into sub-systems, but within each sub-system, tasks could be created and given to members of the group, allowing more than one group member to have knowledge of each sub-system to ensure progress continues.What sequence? Who else? How to interface with the facilities? Environmental conditions? How much autonomy? Skills? Where to locate? Tasks? Figure 2 – A Job design chart, enabling users to identify each role After the fourth week it was clear that A. Shabbier had taken charge of the project, which could be a positive factor of not immediately selecting a group leader, as it allowed time for the more dedicated person the project to take control, effectively becoming the natural leader.His indecision however, led to a long delay within an exercise the group carried out. A requirement that the group made was to increase the speed of the robot. The group originally removed the wheel and replaced it with a larger wheel increasing the speed, a good idea; however, their plan did not consider that they were not allowed to remove parts from the Boot. Therefore the approach taken by he group was to use their project PICA strategy and they were able to modify the wheel by creating an extension to use the original w heel as a shaft for a larger wheel.This shows good initiative from the group, however the issue should not and would limitation control. The group would have been better to choose a product design strategy, where they generated a concept, which they could feedback to the supervisor in a company meeting, who could then evaluate the groups' design, making sure it is suitable for the set requirements. This would make sure the design fits the requirements and if not, it could be improved until it did. The groups' strategy for their hardware sub-system had certain requirements, one of which included a LED display.The display was a creative concept as many ideas in the group were; however there was a delay in delivery (due to the University) which the group had not planned for. This delay was unplanned for with no risk contingency plan in place. This therefore meant the group had to alter their Giant chart to their needs at that time. This was poorly planned, as a better Giant chart would have had extra time allocated for work that could not be completed at the specific time.

Export Import

Import and export of goods play a vital role in all the economy. That too, India is a developing country, the role of export and import are of greater emphasis. There must be a free flow of exports and imports in order to improve the economy. But, the free flow should not affect the economy. So, the control over import and export of goods become the need of the hour.Regulation mandated by a state attempts to produce outcome which might not otherwise occur, produce or prevent outcomes in different places to what might otherwise occur, or produce or prevent outcomes in ifferent timescales than would otherwise occur. In this way, regulations can be seen as implementations artifacts of policy statements. The economics of imposing or removing regulations relating to markets is analyzed in regulatory economics. [Development of economic legislation is of comparatively recent origin.Reserve Bank of India was established in 1935 to exercise control over banking and fiscal activities. Need to control economic activities through legislation arose during the Second World War to face shortages. Price and distribution controls were established on arious essential commodities under the Defense of India Act, 1939 (later converted into Essential Supplies (Temporary Powers) Act of 1946 and Essential commodities Act in 1955). Foreign Exchange Regulation Act, 1947 was passed to control the difficult position of foreign exchange. Industries (Development and Regulation) Act, 1951 provided for industrial licensing and registration.MRTP Act was passed in 1969 to exercise control over monopolies, unfair trade practices and restrictive trade practices. Sick Industrial Companies (Special Provisions) Act, 1985 was passed as a solution to growing sickness in industries. Securities and Exchange Board of India Act, 1992 was passed to establish a statutory body (SEBI) to exercise control over rapidly growing capital market. Earlier, capital issues (control) Act, 1947 was used to exercise cont rol over capital issues. This Act was scrapped after the formation of SEBI. As international business is growing, importance of controls over foreign transactions is growing.The main purpose of economic legislation is to support the economic policies of the Government. b. to exercise control over economic activities. to protect consumers from unscrupulous persons. d. To prevent bad side effects of the development. India decided to follow Russian model of ‘controlled economy and ‘leading role to public sector'. Various Acts were passed atter 1947 to suppo t rt nese ideals. T envisaged various controls, licensing etc†¦ Some Acts like Essential Commodities Act. FERA was designed to support ‘shortage economy, where supply was less compared to demand. These economic policies were totally changed in July 1991.It is ironical that through the policies have changrd, the old Acts still continue. Though some amendments to FERA, MRTP Act etc†¦ have been made, the bas ic philosophy of these Acts (i. e) controls and licensing continues. Luckily, the Acts provided so much flexibility in framing policies that these old Acts provided so much flexibility in framing policies that these old Acts designed for different purposes and with entirely different concepts can be in fact are being used to implement new policies. Indeed the new policies are against basic philosophy of the old economic legislation.The country which is purchasing the goods is known as the importing country and the country which is selling the goods known as exporting country. The traders involved in such transaction are importers and exporters respectively. In India, exports and imports are regulated by Foreign Trade (Development and Regulation) Act, 1992, which replaced the Imports and Exports (control) Act, 1947, and gave the Government of India enormous powers to control it. Besides the FTDR Act, there are some other laws which control the export and import of goods. These includ e :- a. -rea Act, 1953 b.Coffee Act, 1942 The Rubber Act, 1947 The Marine Products Export Development Authority Act, 1972 e. The Enemy Property Act, 1968 The Export (Quality Control and Inspection) Act, 1963. g. The tobacco Board Act, 197513] IMPORT RESTRICTIONS Control over the import ot the goods in to India is exercised by the Import Trade Control Oragnisation, which functions under the ministry of commerce. This rganisation is supervised by the director General of foreign trade station at New Delhi, who is assisted by Additional and Joint director general and by other licensing authorities at various centers.Current import policy is embodied in the export and import policy book out by the DGFT. CUSTOMS ACT, 1962 Section 12(1) of the customs Act is the charging section which provides for imposition of a duty called Customs duty levied as per the customs Tariff act 1975, or any other law for the time being in force on the goods imported in to India or exported out of India. The ob jects of Customs Act are i) To regulate imports and exports. To protect domestic industries from dumping. iii) revenue in the form of customs duty and indirect tax. iv) legislations such as FTDR and FEMA.To collect To assist allied By virtue of the power conferred under Secl 56 of the Customs Act 1962 Central Govt is empowered to make rules consistent with the provisions of the Act. Similarly by virtue of its powers conferred under Sec157 of the Act , the Central Board of Excise and Customs(CBEC) has been empowered to frame regulations( Customs House Agent Regulations) EXPORT & IMPORT PROHIBITIONS Secl 1 of the Customs Act 1962 gives powers to central government to prohibit import or export of goods . Such a prohibition can be absolute or conditional.Absolute prohibition means an importer is totally prohibited in importing/exporting the subject goods. Some of the goods prohibited from time to time are narcotic drugs, explosives, live or dead animals [birds, arms and ammunition, coun terfeit currency notes. On the other hand, conditional prohibition would mean that the prohibition would mean that the prohibition would mean that the prohibition is subject to certain conditions imposed. A conditional prohibition would attract in a case where the importer is prohibited in selling/trading the imported goods but can only use the ame as a raw material for manufacture.Some item like wool, turmeric, onion, black pepper, tea, etc†¦ are allowed to be exported only after they are graded by designated authorities. In terms of Sec. ll (2) of the Customs Act, 1962, the prohibition may among other things relate to the following: i) Maintenance of security of India. Prevention of smuggling Conservation of foreign exchange and safeguarding balance of payments. Prevention of serious injury to domestic production of goods. v) Protection of national treasures. Maintenance of public order and standards of decency and morality. vii)Protection of IPR (Patent/Trademark/Copyright) viii) Any other matter conducive to the interest of general public. Sec. 2 (33) of the act defines prohibited goods means any goods the import or export of which is subject to any prohibition under this act or any other law for time being in force but doesn't include any such goods in respect of which the conditions subject to which the goods are permitted to be imported or exported, have been complied with. Therefore, the prohibition under Customs Act applies to prohibition under any other law in India. ) Ancient Monument Prevention Act prohibits/ restricts antiquities e imported or exported without licence. b) Arms and ammunition cannot c) Wildlife Act prohibits certain exports- ‘red sandal wood ‘(which are used in Middle East countries for making musical instruments) d) Environment Protection Act prohibits export of some items. At the time of import of goods the customs authorities will first check whether the items imported is prohibited / restricted or subject to co nditional import, before allowing clearance of the goods.Similarly at the time export also the goods are given ‘let export order' only after they are checked with the reference to restrictions/ rohibitions. If such goods are attempted to be smuggled the goods are liable to seizure/confiscation and the offender liable to penal action including arrest / prosecution under the Customs Act. The word ‘confiscation' implies appropriation consequential to seizure. The essence and concept of the confiscation is that after confiscation the property of the confiscated goods vest with the central govt.Secl 1 1 of the Act provides for confiscation of improperly imported goods. The goods brought from a place outside India shall be liable for confiscation. Sec. 111 (d) says â€Å"any goods hich are imported or attempted to be imported or are brought within the Indian Customs waters for the purpose of being imported, contrary to any prohibition imposed by or under this act or any other law for the time being in force. Secl 13 of the Act deals with confiscation of goods attempted to be improperly exported .The export goods shall be liable for confiscation under sec 113 (d) says â€Å"any goods attempted to be exported or brought within the limits of any customs area for the purpose of being exported contrary to any prohibition imposed by or under this Act or any other law for time being in force. COFEPOSA, 1974 Conservation of Foreign Exchange and prevention of smuggling Activities Act (COFEPOSA) was passed in 1974 when foreign exchange position in India was bleak and smuggling was beyond control.In view of recent liberalisation, the Act has lost its significance. The Act gives wide powers to executive to detain a person on mere Suspicion of smuggling (the draconian provisions of the act can be compared with provisions of TADA, where a person can be incarnated in Jail merely for possessing a illegal weapon and having acquaintances with some underworld elements, w ithout any proof of direct involvement in terrorist activities). The acts like COFEPOSA, TADA, etc†¦ are criticized on the ground that they violate basic human rights.Freedom of a man can be taken away under such Acts, without Judicial scrutiny and safeguards. The act has been given special protection by including the same in the 9th schedule to constitution. The validity of COFEPOSA particularly section 5A and SAFEMA smugglers and foreign Exchange Manipulators (forfeiture of property) Act 1976, have been upheld in Attorney General of India Vs. Amaratlal PraJivandas[4]. A 9 member bench SC order. Thus, individual civil liberties can be curtailed for national security and in national interest.Under provisions of the act, a Government officer, not below the rank of Joint Secretary in case of central Government and Secretary in case of State Government, who is specifically authorized by central or state government for that purpose, is authorised to order detention of a person (inc luding a foreigner) with a view to prevent him from acting in any manner prejudicial to conservation or augmentation of foreign exchange, or to prevent him from smuggling or abetting smuggling of goods, or transporting, keeping conceling or dealing in smuggling goods or harbouring persons engaged in smuggling ot goods. section. ). where an order ot detention is made by state government officer, it should be reported to central government within 10 days. (Section. 3 (2)). When detention is ordered by central government, central govt. is appropriate government. When detention is ordered by state government, that govt. is appropriate government. The significance of this definition is that the ‘Appropriate government' has to make a reference to advisory board formed for the purpose of COFEPOSA and take action as per decision of advisory board.Appropriate government also has powers to revoke a detention, release a person temporarily, etc†¦ SAFEMA, 1976 Another act relevant to COEPOSA is SAFEMA – smugglers and Foreign Exchange Manipulators (Forfeiture of property) Act, 1976. The act applies to persons convicted under customs Act, FERA and to those detained under COFEPOSA. The purpose of the act is to forfeit the illegally acquired properties of the smugglers and foreign exchange manipulators. Property can be forfeited merely on the ground that he is detained under COFEPOSA.However, in case of customs and FERA, property can be forfeited only if a person is convicted under these Acts. An appellate tribunal has also been formed for this purpose. COFEPOSA is dreaded Act similar to TADA. It permits detention of a person even without a charge. Since the powers are extraordinary, generally courts are strict about the conditions prescribed in respect of detention. FOREIGN TRADE (DEVELOPMENT AND REGULATION) ACT, 1992. The FTDR Act is designed to develop and regulate foreign trade by facilitating imports in to India, and augmenting exports from India, and fo r matters connected therewith.The salient features of the Act are as follows; 0 It has empowered the Central Government to make provisions for development and regulation of foreign trade by acilitating imports into, and augmenting exports from India and for all matters connected therewith or incidental thereto. 0 The Central Government can prohibit, restrict and regulate exports and imports, in all or specified cases as well as subject them to exemptions. 0 It authorizes the Central Government to formulate and announce an Export and Import (EXIM) Policy and also amend the same from time to time, by notification in the Official Gazette. It provides for the appointment of a Director General of Foreign Trade by the Central Government for the purpose of the Act. He shall advise Central Government in formulating export and import policy and implementing the policy. 01Jnder the Act, every importer and exporter must obtain a ‘Importer Exporter Code Number' (‘EC) from Director G eneral of Foreign Trade or from the officer so authorised. The Director General or any other officer so authorised can suspend or cancel a licence issued for export or import of goods in accordance with the Act.But he does it after giving the licence holder a reasonable opportunity of being heard. PENALTY Export or import in violation of provisions of the act, rules or policy is an offence. Penalty up to five times the value of goods can be imposed. The contravening goods and conveyance carrying the goods are liable to confiscation. The goods and conveyances confiscated can be released by paying redemption charges equal to market value of such goods or conveyance.Conveyance will not be confiscated if it is owner proves that the conveyance was used without his knowledge or ne took reasonable precautions against its misuse. Penalty and confiscation can be ordered by ‘Adjudicatory authority. APPEAL Appeal against the order of DGFT for refusing of suspending or cancelling code umb er or licence or imposing penalty can be filed within 45 days with prescribed authority. Appeal can be filed only on payment of penalty imposed, unless appellate authority dispense with such pre deposit (Section. 5 of FTDR). Central Government can call and examine any records and pass revision orders in some cases (section. 16 of the act). SETTLEMENT A person can opt for settlement by admitting contravention in the following Contravention was without willful mistake or without any circumstances. a. collusion, fraud or without intention to cause loss of foreign exchange. b. Person mporting has not misutilised the imported goods, but condition of ‘Actual user' or ‘Export obligation' have not been satisfied.

Background information on how the development LASIK

However, the majority of humans who wear glasses or contact lenses are bothering from it. Therefore, Jose Barraquer discovered LASIK in 1950, which is considered one of the recent technologies in vision correction. LASIK is a Latin word that indicates to create a thin layer of the cornea (black eye) and then using the laser vision correction (LASIK Portal, 2010). Background information on how the development LASIK Lasik is one of the most important types of eye surgery in advance medical that intended for improving in particular Myopia, Hyperopia and Astigmatism. It was invention by Jose Barraquer at the first time, where he effectuated the first operationto reduce the thin flaps in the cornea to change its shape by keratomileusis. By 1981, the Alaximr Laser was been founded which worked on ultraviolet radiation, and it was used at the first time by Rangaswamy Srinivasan to decrease tissue in specific way through extract layers of thin films without any effects thermal in surrounding area. As a result, he could use this kind of Laser without any side effect compared to different type of Laser which worked in the field of visible radiation. After a number of experiments, the Lasik technique has been improved in 1990 by Ioannis Pallikaris and Lucio Buratto to become more accuracy than keratomileusis. All of these results led Stephen Brint and Stephen Slade to performed surgery operation in the United States for the first time (Ezine Articles, 2011). With the development of technology, Lasik has become more fast than before and it has been improved to be better (Wikipedia, 2011). The way the LASIK has affected peoples’ lives; . The majority of humans bother from wearing spectacles or contact lenses therefore they want to eliminate them by Lasik. Lasik has many positive effects on humans including that Lasik has ability to accurately correct most layers of Myopia, Hyperopia and Astigmatism. Moreover, its surgery occupies five to ten minutes with painless or very little pain. It is one of the easiest operations because it is operated by computer and does not require any stitches after it.One of the most important factors of Lasik that most patients are not longer needed corrective glasses. Conclusion Background information on how the development LASIK However, the majority of humans who wear glasses or contact lenses are bothering from it. Therefore, Jose Barraquer discovered LASIK in 1950, which is considered one of the recent technologies in vision correction. LASIK is a Latin word that indicates to create a thin layer of the cornea (black eye) and then using the laser vision correction (LASIK Portal, 2010). Background information on how the development LASIK Lasik is one of the most important types of eye surgery in advance medical that intended for improving in particular Myopia, Hyperopia and Astigmatism. It was invention by Jose Barraquer at the first time, where he effectuated the first operationto reduce the thin flaps in the cornea to change its shape by keratomileusis. By 1981, the Alaximr Laser was been founded which worked on ultraviolet radiation, and it was used at the first time by Rangaswamy Srinivasan to decrease tissue in specific way through extract layers of thin films without any effects thermal in surrounding area. As a result, he could use this kind of Laser without any side effect compared to different type of Laser which worked in the field of visible radiation. After a number of experiments, the Lasik technique has been improved in 1990 by Ioannis Pallikaris and Lucio Buratto to become more accuracy than keratomileusis. All of these results led Stephen Brint and Stephen Slade to performed surgery operation in the United States for the first time (Ezine Articles, 2011). With the development of technology, Lasik has become more fast than before and it has been improved to be better (Wikipedia, 2011). The way the LASIK has affected peoples’ lives; . The majority of humans bother from wearing spectacles or contact lenses therefore they want to eliminate them by Lasik. Lasik has many positive effects on humans including that Lasik has ability to accurately correct most layers of Myopia, Hyperopia and Astigmatism. Moreover, its surgery occupies five to ten minutes with painless or very little pain. It is one of the easiest operations because it is operated by computer and does not require any stitches after it.One of the most important factors of Lasik that most patients are not longer needed corrective glasses. Conclusion

Why are you interested in the degree programmes (graduate Essay

Why are you interested in the degree programmes (graduate programme-mechanical engineering) at Nanyang technological university - Essay Example Mentorship from my uncle is another reason for my course selection. He has great passion for his profession and tells me that the scope of aeronautical engineering is interesting and therefore motivational. This means that aeronautical engineers are able to derive utility from their job and this reduces chances of career mobility at later stages of life that can have its disadvantages such as difficulties in self-establishment and development in the new career. My subjects selection at the CBSE level of study and the level of competence that I have developed in mathematics and physics are other reasons for my choice of mechanical engineering because I am confident of the potential to succeed in the course that require physics and mathematics knowledge as a prerequisite. In addition, I have developed personal interest in aeronautical engineering and I do enjoy flights and spending time at airports, watching aeronautical engineers in the hanger. I also prefer Nanyang Technical Universi ty because it is an established institution with reputable facilities and academic staff. Interaction with my uncle, an aeronautical engineer, long-term passion in the scope of mechanical engineering, proper subject selection at the CBSE syllabus, and passion for aeronautical engineering are my motivation into the cause. I am confident that they will motivate my success in the

Peruse some sources to find a relationship between dress codes and Essay

Peruse some sources to find a relationship between dress codes and success in the work place. Remeber to focus on anglophone cultures - Essay Example This is because an organization’s image is represented by its employees, with outstanding expertise and academics, one’s appearance lay the foundation for perceptions; internal as well as external (Howard, p. 234). Eventually, appearance plays a great deal in one’s success. Dressing in a work appropriate manner portrays one’s seriousness towards their job. If the employer doesn’t dress appropriate, employees would not see him respectfully. Dressing appropriately shows good work ethics, mainly because employees are meant to display a professional image to the clients and customers. Although, dress code provides an opportunity for self-expression, but wearing things inappropriate can hinder the success level (Neil, p.279). Furthermore, certain criteria should not be ignored while dressing for work, like cultural aspects and nature of the job. Organizations give peculiar guidelines regarding dress code to help their workers verify what constitutes fitting and agreeable work environment clothing. In accordance with the Anglophone culture: a suit and wingtips would look perfect on a financial analyst; while it might look out of place on a telephone operator. In the same manner, a professor cannot go to the class wearing miniskirt, or gowns or really casual clothes. Several studies have shown that looking good from outside can make one feel good inside, which is why it is also vital to take care of employees’ comfort. Many companies also have pretty impressive dress code policies, designed in a way that allows employees to have a professional image, as well as respecting the comfort and style element intact. On the other hand, there are companies with formal dress code policies and documents with specific instructions prohibiting women from wearing certain pieces of jewelry and men from wearing cufflinks or sneakers (Workplace Law Handbook, p.179). Guidelines provided by companies for dress code and attire correspond with several factors, such

Recruitment and Selection Processes Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Recruitment and Selection Processes - Essay Example Through the process of recruitment, a company tries to locate prospective employees and encourages them to apply for vacancies at various levels. Recruiting thus, provides a pool of applicants for selection. Selection is a process of picking individuals who have relevant qualifications to fill jobs in an organization (Rao, 2005, p-143). The basic purpose is to choose the individual who can most successfully perform the job, from the pool of qualified candidates. 2.1 PepsiCo India: Pepsi is a flat organization. There are a maximum of four reporting levels. Executive here emphasis achievement, motivation, the ability to deliver come what may. As the Personnel manager of Pepsi Foods remarked Recruiters must be capable of thinking outside the box, cutting the cake of conventional barriers whenever and wherever necessary. They must have a winner mindset and a passion for creating a dynamic change. They must have the ability to deal with ambiguity informality. PepsiCo has to tap external sources for various positions. ... (Business Today, 2000, p.129) Recruiters must be capable of thinking outside the box, cutting the cake of conventional barriers whenever and wherever necessary. They must have a winner mindset and a passion for creating a dynamic change. They must have the ability to deal with ambiguity informality. Recruitment process includes PepsiCo has to tap external sources for various positions. Running enterprises have to recruit employees from outside for filling the positions whose specifications cannot be met by the present employees, and for meeting the additional requirements of manpower. The following external sources of recruitment are commonly used by PepsiCo. (i) Direct Recruitment. An important source of recruitment is recruitment by placing a notice on the notice board of the enterprise specifying the details of the jobs available. It is also known as recruit factory gate. (ii) Casual Callers or Unsolicited Applications. The organizations are regarded as good employers draw a steady stream of unsolicited applications in their offices. This serves as a valuable source of manpower. If adequate attention is paid to maintain pending application folders for jobs, the personnel department may find the unsolicited applications in filling the vacancies whenever they arise. The merit of this source of recruitment is that it avoids the costs of recruiting workforce from other sources. (iii) Outsourcing Under this arrangement, PepsiCo India draws the required personnel from the outsourcing firms or agencies on commission basis rather than offering them employment. This is also called leasing of human resources. The outsourcing firms develop their human resource pools by

Take two states and compare their juvenile justice systems Research Paper

Take two states and compare their juvenile justice systems - Research Paper Example When they enter the system it’s a totally new ballgame for them. They come in proximity of those adults who have already committed crime. This can exert a negative effect on the young. Juvenile justice system has also criticized on the grounds of less interactive, lack of respect for the defaulter, lack of inputs which could persuade or give a fair chance to the defaulter to correct his or her fault encouraging them to take a right course of action (Glass, 2012, pp. 1-5). Juvenile justice, as mentioned, varies from state to state and each state has its own jurisdiction for such system. It has been said by the authors that the juvenile justice system in California is not racially neutral. This was one of the worst drawbacks which the California juvenile justice system suffered. The decision points suffered from the effect of race. The authors emphasized that, â€Å"Minority youth are more likely than the majority youth to become involved in the system†. There were severa l issues that needed to be directed based on this system. In comparison with the adult criminal justice, the juvenile justice lacked supervision and review. On the contrary it had also been found that in the juvenile justice system there had been cases which witnessed no disparity amongst the young defaulter. But when inequalities prevailed it involved either large differentiation at some point of stage in the system or else followed a sequence of accumulations of comparatively minor divergences in processing with a moderately hefty net effect. Moreover the system prevailed in California was volatile in nature which allowed the disparity in the system. The system lacked an analytical model which desirably would simplify the problems existed within the system (Pope & William, July 1995, pp. 1-15). However in the light of the above mentioned critic, the juvenile justice system in California was subjected to some recommendation which, if implemented, would help it to become a system wi th more fluidity. It lacked a systematic monitoring which if developed would facilitate the processing at each stage of the juvenile justice. Introduction of research program was suggested. Consideration in training and development of the staffs of the system was highly suggested which would make improvement in dealing with minor offenders. Critical examination at local stages, if implemented, would lower the gap between the minority and majority youth. Restructuring of laws in the juvenile justice was advised where problems of inequalities prevailed. Workshop for the youth psychoanalysis might help them to come out of mental disorder if any. The jurisdiction itself was suggested to be strengthened enough to carefully evaluate the decision making at every stage and should make a note of the thing that their dealings were with the minors with an derailed mindset, but not with the criminals (Pope & William, July 1995, pp. 19-20). In this contrast author Muncie, 2008, said, â€Å"Juve nile justice systems throughout America now give greater weight to punishment as an end in itself† (Muncie, 2008, pp. 3). A comparative analysis can be done by comparing the juvenile justice laws prevailing in Florida. In contrast with California juvenile justice law the Florida law was less flexible and followed extreme consequences. In many cases it was noted that the victims were tried in adult court and received imprisonment for life. The psychoanalysis part was not at all strengthened in the Florida law, rather

Buddhist Economics Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Buddhist Economics - Assignment Example In this case, it is ideal to reduce human labour or get rid of it completely. Modern economist relies on the concept of mechanization as a method of improving the economy. Buddhist economists however agree with this analogy but in a different point of view. In their point of view, labour is divided into two forms. The first form of labour involves human skills and power. The second form of labour involves the use of machines as mechanical slave. Buddhist economists argue that human labour is irreplaceable labour done out of free will is perfect compared to machinery labour (Schumacher, 2). They also argue that labour is like human nourishment thus it is hard for people to exist comfortably without engaging in labour activities. Buddhist also differs with the economic concept of materialists. Materialists are mainly interested in goods as Buddhists are mostly interested in liberation. The key concept in Buddhist economics is non-violence and simplicity. While modern economists measure ‘living standards’ by the amount of human consumption in the sense that a person who consumes more is better than that who consumes less, Buddhist consider this aspect to be irrational (Schumacher, 4). According to Buddhists, this concept renders human well-being as they consider minimum consumption as a way of maximizing human well-being. The concept of low consumption minimizes the wastage of materials as the excessive material can be conserved and utilized to make more goods thus enhancing the economy. Buddhist economists attribute the economy to conservation practices through proper utility of goods. For instance, non perishable resources should not be used if they cannot be renewed. Buddhist economics is high ly recommended in the modern society as it focuses of finding the correct path to development (Schumacher,

Asian American Arts Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Asian American Arts - Essay Example Before one can analyze Jang's contribution, it is necessary to understand his background; this facilitates an appreciation of his influences. Jang began his musical journey one year before he turned twenty. At that time, he was trying to familiarize himself with basic piano skills. Shortly after, he joined a Music School called Oberlin Conservatory where he sharpened his piano skills and learnt how to compose songs. This artist completed his studies after three years and received a degree in music. It is also worth noting that the artist was born in America; specifically in Los Angeles and was subsequently raised in California. However, Jang still stayed in touch with his Chinese roots. He draws from his experiences as an immigrant Asian American but at the same time acknowledges the issues addressed in other forms of music such as social injustice in African American musical expressions. (Jon Jang, 2002) During his performances in San Francisco, Jang highlights some of the hidden facts about China town. This was especially because the Festival had been organized as a way of paying homage to the efforts made by Alice Yu in China town. Jang has an amazing way of showing his appreciation and respect for historical times that may have been forgotten or those ones which had never been mentioned before. This is because he unearthed some songs like Reparations now and Tiananmen at a Jazz Orchestra. (Jon Jang, 2002) Despite intensive tu... Some enthusiasts have called Jang's music 'two flowers on a stem' because they believe he has stayed true to his traditions yet at the same time has encouraged creativity through improvising his dual cultural identities. (Jon Jang, 2002) Jang's creativity has been employed by numerous entities in the world of classical music. For instance he did some work for The Library Congress, thereafter; he did some compositions for Chanticleer and Kronos quartet. Some of his compositions have also been presented in theatres; he wrote a composition for 'The Woman Warrior'. (Jon Jang, 2002) In an effort to complement his contributions to the Asian American musical scene, Jang has received an award from his former conservatory. He has also received a Golden ring award and has also been nominated severally by Cal Arts. Furthermore, Jang has been appreciated by the Ford Foundation for the immense contributions he made to American music. One cannot cover all the events that Jang has participated; in his capacity as a pianist, Jang has been to; -Europe -Canada -South Africa -The US One of the major highlights of these tours was his performance at the Arts Alive Festival in South Africa. While performing, Jang collaborated with Max Roach. Jang has also had the pleasure of performing in the London Royal Festival. Additionally, he has been to Berlin, Zurich and Milan in his capacity as an artist. Paul Robeson has appreciated Jang's work and so did the president of the Republic of China. There are also numerous collaborations done by this highly versatile artist. The major artist he has worked with is Max Roach. He has also joined forces with David Murray, James Newton and Maxine Hong. (Jon Jang, 2002) Not only has Jang done some

International economics theory to real world issues Assignment

International economics theory to real world issues - Assignment Example It looks comprehensively at the issues plaguing international trade and its promise of increasing wealth for countries. International economics concerns itself with the effects on economic activity of global differences in productive resources and consumer preferences or tastes and the international institutions that affect them. The aspect of international economics seeks to explain the patterns and results of transactions and interactions between inhabitants in different countries. The aspect of international economics includes international trade, migration, and investment. International trade being one of the key pillars of international economics is supposed to be a voluntary exchange occurring with all the participating countries expecting to gain. Free trade increases access to goods and services that may be lacking in some countries (Enderwick 222). For this reason, in international economic, trade bridges the differences in terms of goods and services. It follows the laws and rules of supply and demand to cater for the demand of areas with low supply of certain goods and services from areas with a high supply of said products and services. International trade promotes specialization and the division of labor increasing output and consumption. As a result of international economic interdependence, economic conditions and policies in one country increasingly influence economic conditions in other countries. In addition, international trade abides by some fundamental international economic principles such as standard exchanges. The comprehension of international trade is important in critically understanding its importance and how it is the backbone of today’s increasingly globalized modern, commercial world. It helps in understanding how producers in various countries try to profit and benefit from an expanded market rather than being limited to the market within a single county. It

Brewing - Beer Essay Example for Free

Brewing Beer Essay The history of beer dates back hundreds of years prior to written history. Besides water and tea, beer is one of the most-frequently consumed beverages in the world. Contrary to popular belief, that all beers are typically the same, there are many variances in color, flavor, strength, production method, ingredients and origin. Beer can be divided into 2 broad sub-categories: ale and lager. Ales were the first type of beer ever created before brewers knew the role yeast played during the beer making process. Ale yeasts flocculate at the top of the fermentation tank and are brewed from malted barley using a warm fermentation. The yeast ferments the beer quickly, which gives it a full bodied and fruity taste. They also contain hops, which gives the bitter herbal flavor that helps balance the sweetness of malt and preserve the beer. After fermentation, ales are usually aged no more than a few weeks or so. Most are served close to room temperature and contain rich aroma and flavor. There are many different types of ales including brown ales, pale ales, dark ales, mild ales, strong ales cream ales, Burton ales, German ales, Belgian ales, and more. Each type of ale differs in color, flavor, strength, and origin. The second type of beer is called a lager, the most popular style of beer in the world. Some have stated that lagers account for 90% of beers consumed across the globe. Many feel that this is attributed to the more watered down lagers produced in the United States. Lager is derived from the word â€Å"lagern† in German, which means, â€Å"to store†. A lager is a type of beer that is brewed using bottom-fermenting yeast at lower temperatures and is aged for a much longer time than ales creating a cleaner, clearer beer. The yeast used in lagers, Saccharomyces Uvarum, produces fewer ester by-products than seen in ales, allowing other flavors, such as hops, to become more noticeable. The range of flavors noticeable in lagers is more limited than ales. They are always going to be hoppy, malty, sweet, or dry. There is nothing wrong with these flavors, but there are fewer variations, which explains why many people insist that all beers taste alike. They are invariably served cold and can pair easily with a wide variety of food. There are some fundamental differences in the way ales and lagers are produced. There are three main discrepancies between the making of ales and lagers: types of yeast, temperature and time, and additional ingredients. In terms of the variances in yeast, ales typically use yeast that ferments at the top of the fermentation tanks. The yeast normally rises to the top closer to the end of fermentation. Also, there are chemicals that are produced in ales, called esters that inhibit a sweeter, fruity taste to the beer. However, in lagers, the yeast used is classified as â€Å"bottom-fermenting† yeast, meaning that the yeast ferments at the bottom of the fermentation tanks. One of the benefits of using bottom fermenting yeast is that brewers can reuse the left over yeast to produce more beer. Unlike the fruity, sweeter tastes of ales, the yeasts used in lagers do not add any flavor to the beer itself. Much of the taste in lagers can be attributed to other ingredients, including malts and hops. The second major differences between the production of ales and lagers are temperature and time. The yeast used in ales usually ferments better in warmer temperatures, usually around room temperature or close to 75 degrees Fahrenheit. One of the benefits of being able to ferment at this temperature is that ales can age and mature faster than lagers. While ales are best produced in warm temperatures, lagers are made primarily in colder temperatures, around 45 to 60 degrees Fahrenheit. As stated earlier, lager is derived from the German word â€Å"lagern† meaning to store. Production of lagers is all about the â€Å"lagern† storing process. Lagers have historically been produced in more European countries where the climates are typically colder. The unique combination of cold temperatures and the bottom fermenting yeast, causes lagers to have much more of a mild, crisp taste. Something else that adds to the taste of a beer, are additional ingredients. The last major difference between ales and lagers are there supplementary ingredients. Ales typically have more of a malty taste, due to an elevated amount of hops, malts, and roasted malts that are added during production. Ale brewers, typically have more leeway with how they produce their beer, and tend to add a several different ingredients during brewing, like the ones mentioned above. These extra ingredients are referred to as, adjuncts. Brewers of lagers only have a few, simple ingredients: malted grain, hops, yeast, and water. The production method of lagers is somewhat due to the stringent Reinheitsgebot Law, also known as the â€Å"German beer purity law†. This law prohibits any adjuncts during the brewing process of lagers, only permitting water, barely, and hops as ingredients. Tea and water maybe two of the most consumed beverages in the world, but beer is right behind in a close third. Beer is gradually becoming more and more popular. This is evident through the new trends of beer companies that have begun to accommodate for the new low calorie beer trend. Corona, Heineken, and Anheuser-Busch have led the pack by producing â€Å"Corona Lite†, â€Å"Heineken Lite†, and â€Å"Budweiser Select†. With more and more companies attending to these trends, beer has broadened their target market. Overall, these companies are innovating the deeply historic production of ales and lagers, that will appeal to people now, and into the future. Although there are a variety of differences between ales and lagers, they do share one common trait, which is that people have enjoyed them across the world for centuries upon centuries. Works Cited Eddings, Bryce. Beer Styles 101 All Beers are Either Ales or Lagers. About. com 17 July 2010: n. pag. Web. 5 Nov 2010. http://beer. about. com/od/beerstyles/a/BeerStyles101. htm. Mork, Rachael. Understanding Different Types and Beer Pairings of Beer. Life123 04 March 2010: n. pag. Web. 5 Nov 2010. http://www. life123. com/food/cocktails-beverages/beer/understanding-different-types-of-beer-and-beer-pai.shtml. Thadani, Rahul. Lager vs Ale. Buzzle 29 May 2010: n. pag. Web. 5 Nov 2010. http://www. buzzle. com/articles/lager-vs-ale. html. Rich, Stephen. Ales vs. Lagers. Modern Gentleman 10 July 2010: n. pag. Web. 5 Nov 2010. http://themoderngentleman. ca/2010/ales-vs-lagers/. Viljanen, Susanna. Beer brands,types,styles and brewing. Did You Know? 06 February 2010: n. pag. Web. 5 Nov 2010. http://didyouknow. org/beer/. Zagata, Darlene. Lagers vs Ales. Livestrong 23 December 2009: n. pag. Web. 5 Nov 2010. http://www. livestrong. com/article/67308-lagers-vs-ales/.

Not yet forgotten Essay Example for Free

Not yet forgotten Essay There have been many wonderful periods of time in my life and the one I have chosen to talk about here is high school. Not the English type of high school, but the Romanian one: those four years before university. Before I had got there, I had already got used to the idea that school is an unlikely place for friendships to occur and it cant get any better than boredom and stress. Nevertheless, it was with hope and confidence that I stepped into the high school entrance. From the very first day I could feel something was going on well. I had a cheerful feeling and I was very comfortable and motivated. People would mind their own business and, if they had to choose, would rather be nice to each other. It was there that I really met people who appreciated me and with whom I could get on. Each morning here I must make clear that I am a night owl I got up with a smile on my face, even if outside was still dark. I would then take the bus and watch the sunrise on my way to the last station. The buses at that time of the day were terribly crowded and despite the fact that us pupils had special buses on which others werent allowed to board, no-one respected that rule. Afterwards, I would have to walk to the high school for about ten minutes past a great statue of a Romanian revolutionary and fighter which had different backgrounds, depending on the weather. The statue was in front of a cathedral for which the city is famous: an enormous, astonishingly beatiful Orthodox cathedral built in the middle ages. It was a very energizing feeling watching so many people go to work or school in the centre of the city. The buzz managed to nudge me from my semi-conscious state of mind in which I was still, due to the early hour of the morning when I had lessons and had to get up. It is true that the spirit of a place is given by the people in it. Obviously, not all my classmates were great friends, but those who were taught me lots of things about peoples behaviour and what really counts, directly and indirectly. They let me know that I can really be loved for who I am and that being yourself is worth it. The teachers were, for the first time ever, happy to teach us and be part of the education system. The lessons were fun, informative and, although quite tiring, we would all leave the high school at the end of the day with a smile on our face, if not laughing. That single year of high school was definitely one of the most rewarding experiences I have had until now. Sometimes my friends and I would skip classes and go to a pub in the city centre, but these naughty adventures will take their place in another story, another time.

Cisco Organizational Structure

Cisco Organizational Structure ABSTRACT: Cisco Systems, Inc. (Cisco), an Internet technology company, had an organizational structure comprising of various cross-functional teams. The key decisions in the company were taken by councils, boards and working groups. These committees (around 60 as of 2009) working at different levels were cross-functional in nature, and according to the company, lent Cisco speed, scale, flexibility, and rapid replication. Cisco had made the shift to this type of organizational structure in 2001 and had refined it in subsequent years. According to John T. Chambers (Chambers), the Chairman and CEO of Cisco, the company had reorganized to break free of the silo culture in the company prior to 2001, so that it could remain agile and innovative in a rapidly changing industry. The company felt that the traditional command-and-control model had lost its relevance, and the future would be about collaborate models of decision making. He also claimed that the new organizational model had served the company well and helped implement its aggressive growth strategy amidst the economic downturn. Industry observers and organizational experts were divided in their opinion about Ciscos organizational structure and approach to decision making. While some industry observers felt that such a model was effective, others felt that the management-by-committee approach would slow down decision making and impede innovation. Some experts were extremely critical of Ciscos organizational model. But others believed that if Cisco could further refine the model by addressing some of the lacunae associated with it, it could very well be adopted more widely and be accepted as a radical management innovation. Cisco was founded by a group of computer scientists, who had together designed a software system named IOS (Internet Operating System), which could send streams of data from one computer to another. Right from its initial years, Cisco had a flat organizational structure. Over the years, the company had brought about certain changes in its organizational structure focusing on cross functional teams Speaking about the organizations structure, Chambers, said, Our organization structure leverages the power of communities of interest which we call councils which we believe are $10 billion opportunities, boards that we see as $1 billion opportunities and working groups. The idea for the new structure occurred during the economic down turn in 2001, when Cisco wrote off US$2.2 billion in losses. Realizing the Ciscos hierarchical structure was preventing it from moving fast, Chambers started grouping executives into cross-functional teams In late 2008, while Ciscos stock was witnessing a decline, analysts said that the company was still in a strong financial position with US$26 billion in cash. Not only do we have the $26 billion, we now have 26 new market adjacencies that are not relevant to our revenue today, but they will be three to four years from now, said Chambers. Some industry observers and analysts felt that Ciscos organizational structure and its collaborative approach to decision making was an effective one potentially the organization of the future. Now instead of a small group of executives telling everybody else what to do, people have authority to figure out for themselves what to do. However, some analysts and ex-employees of Cisco were not happy with the new organizational structure at Cisco. The structure led to chaos and slowed down decision making at times, they said. Right now its chaos because theres so much on everybodys plate, said Geoffrey Moore, a management consultant who has worked with Cisco. Chambers acknowledged that his critics could be right in their criticism of Ciscos organizational structure and its approach to decision making. However, he said that the company had arrived at its organizational structure after giving a lot of thought to it, continuously refining it since it was introduced in 2001. In November 2009, speaking about Ciscos future strategy, Chambers said, The improving economic outlook combined with what appears to be a very solid execution on our growth strategy due to our organization structure and innovative business model enabled Cisco to move into 30 plus market adjacencies while reducing non-GAAP operating expenses by 10% ye ar over year and also reducing headcount.à ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¦. Tips to answer the tasks: CASE DETAILS: Period: 2001-2010 Published Date: 2010 Organisation: Cisco Systems. Inc. Industry: Information Technology Countries: US ; Global Consider key words like matrix structure, functional or operational structure and the like. TASK -1 COMPARE: Cisco organizational structure. The company use to organizational structure silo (flat) before use to 2001. But the company use to organizational structure cross (matrix) after use to 2001. The company use to silo structure so the company communication is easily. but the company use to matrix structure so the company communication is difficult. The company use to silo structure so the company work is hierarchic. But the company use to matrix structure so the company work is individual. The company use to silo structure so the company is not made good product. But the company use to matrix structure so the company is made good product. The company use to silo structure so the company is going to loss. But the company use to matrix Structure so the company are good profit. CONTRAST: Cisco organizational structure Silo (flat) Cross (matrix) This company is work hierarchic. This company is not come to new idea made the product. This company is same work of every people. This company is made many IT product. But product is not good. This structure is going to company loss to $2.2 billion. This company is work of individual. This company is come to new idea made the product. This company is diffident work of every group. This company is made IT product very good. This company is made profit use to this structure. TASK -2 ANALYSES: The company use to organizational structure silo (flat) before use to 2001. The company use to silo structure so the company communication is easily. The company use to silo structure so the company is not made good product. The company use to silo structure so the company is not made good product. The company use to silo structure so the company is going to loss. This company is not come to new idea made the product. The company is same work of every people. The company is made many IT product. But product is not good. The structure is going to company loss to $2.2 billion. This reason company was decline stage. The company business process is slow. The company was going to market. The company sales are decline. So the company business performance is bad. The company use to organizational structure cross (matrix) after use at 2001. The company use to matrix structure so the company communication is difficult. The company use to matrix structure so the company work is individual. the company use to matrix structure so the company is made good product. the company use to matrix Structure so the company are good profit. This company is come to new idea made the product. This company is diffident work of every group. The company is made IT product very good. The company is made profit use to this structure. The company use to this structure business performance is good. So the company work is improvement. The company is come to market. The company is financial strong. The company was made new product.In November 2009, speaking about Ciscos future strategy, Chambers said, The improving economic outlook combined with what appears to be a very solid execution on our growth strategy due to our organization structure and innovative business mo del enabled Cisco to move into 30 plus market adjacencies while reducing non-GAAP operating expenses by 10% year over year and also reducing headcount. TASK -3 Organization structures affect the individual behaviour at work. The individual behaviour at works affect the factorsà ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¦. 1. Flexibility 2. Motionvational 3. Authority 4. Scope / Idea 5. Environalment 6. Society 1. Flexibility: the company use to new organization structure .so the company employees are individual work do freedom. The employees work do end any time and go to home. 2. Motionvational: A group the works do end go home. So other group work is fast. So he is go to home. The employees performance is improvement of salary, promotion etc. 3. Authority: the company is made many products. So the company made product 1. So product 1 groups different. Product 1 any massages go to individual department. Product 1 groups any decision do them self 4. Scope / Idea: the company deviated the product different groups. The group made the product new idea. The product made new technology. 5. Environalment: the company in the work employees any cast. The employees do work in deviated. Employees are into the company happy for every people. 6. Society: the company is made in the good society. The employee is works in the company before give the company of money. The employees take the money and develop the your personality. . MERIT TASK -4 Present and communicate the appropriate organisational structure and culture for the case in discussion. (M3.1) This case in the company use to cross (matrix) organization structure. This organization structure company for very good. The new organizational structure at Cisco. The structure led to chaos and slowed down decision making at times, they said. Right now its chaos because theres so much on everybodys plate, said Geoffrey Moore, a management consultant who has worked with Cisco. Chambers acknowledged that his critics could be right in their criticism of Ciscos organizational structure and its approach to decision making. However, he said that the company had arrived at its organizational structure after giving a lot of thought to it, continuously refining it since it was introduced in 2001. In November 2009, speaking about Ciscos future strategy, Chambers said, The improving economic outlook combined with what appears to be a very solid execution on our growth strategy due to our organization structure and innovative business model enabled Cisco to move into 30 plus market adjacencies while reducing non-GAAP operating expenses by 10% year over year and also reducing headcount. The company use to organizational structure cross (matrix) after use at 2001. The company use to matrix structure so the company communication is difficult. The company use to matrix structure so the company work is individual. The company use to matrix structure so the company is made good product. The company use to matrix Structure so the company are good profit. This company is come to new idea made the product. This company is diffident work of every group. The company is made IT product very good. The company is made profit use to this structure. The company use to this structure business performance is good. So the company work is improvement. The company is come to market. The company is financial strong. The company was made new product. the company use to new organization structure .so the company employees are individual work do freedom. The employees work do end any time and go to home. A group the works do end go home. So other group work is fast. So he is go to home. The employees performance is improvement of salary, promotion etc.

Essay --

Tribal Rights and Sovereignty of the Yakama Nation and Klamath Tribes Quinn Buchwald AP United States Government, 1st Period Ms. Peck December 17, 2013 The Confederated Tribes and Bands of the Yakama Nation is a sovereign Native American tribal entity in Washington State. The tribe's reservation is located in southern Washington State and is east of the Cascade Mountains. The reservation is 2,185.94 square miles and has a population of over 30,000. The tribe itself has almost 11,000 enrolled members. The Yakama Tribe consists of multiple groups of Native Americans, including the Klikitat, Palus, Walla Walla, Wanapam, Wishram, and Yakama. These people have lived here for thousands of years and have developed their own very unique way of life and culture. They belong to a larger cultural group known as the Sahaptin people, who live throughout the Columbia River Basin and Plateau in central, eastern, and southern Washington State and in northern Oregon. The Yakama life style was dependant on their surroundings and environment. They heavily relied on wildlife, game, and fish for their sustenance, and where solely hunter-gatherer societ ies before European and American contact. Due to their close connection and reliance on the environment, the Yakama highly respected nature and were always aware of their impact upon it. They believe that everything has a purpose and an important place in the natural order. With the expansion the United States into the Pacific Northwest and the rapid encroachment of white settlers into their territory, the Yakama signed the "Treaty with the Yakima" with the United States government in 1855. The Yakama people were able to negotiate for many tribal rights due to their strategic and powerful po... ...es: Sovereignty, Ethics, and Data-Sharing Issues." Environmental Health Perspectives 120 (2011): 6-10. Print. The Klamath Tribes. The Klamath Tribes, 2012. Web. 16 Dec. 2013. OFFICIAL SITE OF THE CONFEDERATED TRIBES OF THE YAKAMA NATION. Confederated Tribes and Bands of the Yakama Nation, 2010. Web. 16 Dec. 2013. "A Short History of the Klamath Tribe." A Short History of the Klamath Tribe. The Klamath Tribes, 1985. Web. 16 Dec. 2013. United States. Department of the Interior. National Parks Service. Memorandum on Government-to-Government Relations with Native American Tribal Governments. By William J. Clinton. National Parks Service, 4 May 1994. Web. 16 Dec. 2013. United States. Dept. of State. "Treaty with the Yakima, 1855." Yakama Nation Archives. Print. "YN CHC :: Yakama History." Yakamamuseum.com. Yakama Nation Museum and Cultural Center, n.d. Web. 16 Dec. 2013.

Comparing Buddhism and Christianity Essay -- Religion Buddhism Christi

Comparing Buddhism and Christianity In the early sixth century Christianity was evolving at a rapid pace. The spread of Christianity was not only moving westward through Europe, but it was also moving eastward down the Silk Road. The eastward spread of Christianity was primarily a form of Christianity known as Nestorianism, after the teachings of Nestorius, a fifth century patriarch. By 635 Nestorian Christianity had reached the heart of China spreading through all of Persia and India. During the middle of the seventh century Nestorian churches were found in cities all along the Silk Road, though there were unquestionably many fewer Christians than Buddhists in Asia Up until the turn of the sixteenth century Christianity endured great persecution in China and Japan. Christianity became extinct in China and Japan until sixteenth century when European Christian missionaries first came to Asia. Upon meeting Buddhist monks the Christian missionaries realized there seem to be many similarities between Christianity and Buddhism. They noticed many other similarities in doctrine and books as well. The early missionaries to China and Japan were both shocked and disturbed by their findings that another religion had similar beliefs. The missionaries determined that this was the devil at work, inventing a counterfeit faith. In recent years scholars discovered the evidence of Nestorian Churches in Asia. Many people now believe that the similarities between Buddhism and Christianity are due to the influence of the Nestorianism in Asia. It is evident when reading many Buddhist teachings that there are many similarities between Christianity and Buddhism. Similarities between Christianity and Buddhism are evident in every sect of Buddhism, but are strongest seen in the Pure Land sect of Buddhism. In this essay I will compare the similarities and differences between Pure Land Buddhism and Christianity. In the largest Pure Land scripture or sutra, composed in India, a story of Amitabha is told. It is said that many eons ago, Amitabha a monk, learned from the eighty-first Buddha about the wonders of immeasurable Buddha Lands. According to the sutra in the second century AD Amitabah vowed to create his own Buddha Lands. He said that he would make them eighty-one times more outstanding than all the other lands. Amitabah who’s name means endless life an... ... salvation. Pure Land followers are glad that a Christians hold his beliefs. They rejoice that Muslim is a Muslim. They are glad for the agnostic. Pure Land missionaries goal is not to convert those who are happy with their own religion, their goal is to convert those who are unhappy with their beliefs. A Pure Land Buddhist is happy for those who are content with their beliefs. Although we can see that the two beliefs of Christianity and Pure Land Buddhism have similar beliefs, we also can see that they do differ in some major areas. I think that it is obvious to see that the Nestorians who brought Christianity to China and Japan had an influence on the Buddhist people during the sixth and seventh century. The religions have their major differences but we can see that throughout the scriptures that the main Idea of unseen faith is the central idea to the religion. Some may say that they are two very different religions but I would differ saying they have very much in common. Works Cited Snelling, John. The Buddhist Handbook. Rochester, Vermont: Inner Traditions International, 1991 Reat, Nobel Ross. Buddhism A History. Fremont, California: Jain Publishing Company, 1994

September 11: An American Victory :: September 11 Terrorism Essays

September 11: An American Victory The terrorist attack on the World Trade Center and Washington DC has been described as an act of war and a tremendous defeat for the United States, a defeat that must not be allowed to be repeated and a loss that must be avenged. Personally, I don't like the use of the phrase "Act of War". Wars are something that happen between states. Wars end when one side surrenders. If we treat this as a literal war, what will be the victory conditions? Who will surrender? How will we know that the war is over? Whose suit for peace will be listened to? But, for the sake of discussion, let us ignore these concerns, let us concede for the nonce that the language of war is appropriate. Let us put aside the questions of who exactly the enemy is. We know, at least, who 19 of the other side's foot soldiers were. We know, more or less what happened. I'm willing to set these questions aside because I have become angry, angry about how we ourselves are viewing the outcome of this attack, and how we are letting the world view it. I am angry about how we are viewing the acts of heroes, and how we are view ourselves as a nation. Let me state this quite clearly...   The United States did not lose the Battle of September 11, 2001. Claiming that we did diminishes the heroism that Americans showed. It underestimates American strength and it misses some very important points about the American character. There were four phases of the battle, four attacks. The first two took us completely by surprise, and can easily be viewed as a two pronged attack. Two transcontinental planes flying from Boston were turned into bombs and used to destroy the twin towers of the World Trade Center. Because they had the element of surprise the enemy's first thrust was extremely effective. The battle started very badly for us. The third phase occurred in Washington DC. The enemy hijacked a third commercial airliner. This time, however, US intelligence and technology began to come into play. At least one passenger was able to contact the Justice Department, inform them of what was happening and ask what instructions should be passed to the pilot. I'm speaking here, of course, of Barbara Olson's phone call to the Solicitor General, her husband Ted.

A “Janner” in the “smoke” Essay

As I step out of the carriage at Paddington station I feel a sensation that I feel every time I come back to this stunning and enchanting city that I love so much. The red telephone boxes, black taxis and the marvellous architecture. This visit I’m staying in one of the many travel inns in London, this one is situated the other side of the tower bridge which is a bit different to the kind of hotel that I normally stay in when I’m visiting London but this is no normal visit. This visit I am going to be a tourist and experience London from a different viewpoint. Now I have to find a taxi and drop off my bags. The taxi driver finds the hotel effortlessly and I am soon at reception checking in. My room is large and airy, decorated in standard â€Å"travel inn† style. I drop my bags and go down to the bar to find my friends, as tonight we are visiting the very popular Maxwell’s restaurant in Covent Garden. Well all I can say for the meal is superb! Burgers and chips may not sound very nice but they’ve ruined its greasy reputation. Now back in my hotel room I’m making my self a coffee from the mini bar and am running myself a pleasantly hot bath which I will lay in for a couple of hours. Today is Saturday and I will be visiting the famous Oxford Street with its many shops. The first one on my Itinerary will be Hamly’s toyshop, which I think is incredible and great for children of all ages! Also on this magnificent street is the Warner bros. Shop and Selfridges. Later on in the day I will stroll through St. James Park, which links on to Buckingham palace, any trip to London, shouldn’t be without this relaxing experience. Tremendous. Fantastic. In St. James Park the squirrels have become so used to humans that one came and ate out of my hand! I was astonished. Tonight I’m planning on staying in, ordering a pizza and watching the television, in order to re charge my batteries ready for another strenuous day. Its 7:00am and I’ve just been woken up by some couple next door having a row and I can’t get back to sleep so I’m going to set out earlier than expected go on a tour bus round main London. I’m on the tour bus now and its great. There are more people than I’d thought on the tour but most of them are foreigners. So far we’ve passed St. Paul’s Cathedral, Piccadilly Circus, Trafalgar square and many more magical and momentous tourist attractions. Next I will be visiting Covent Garden to do a spot of light shopping and watch the performers. Having a hot chocolate and a bun at a small coffee shop in Covent Garden and watching a street performer on a BMX doing flatland tricks that I didn’t think were possible. The one thing that I have noticed that all these performers have in common is that all use juggling in there shows whether they do it on bikes, with chain saws or other hazardous objects. In these 2 days I have already spent à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½120 on presents for other people! Toys, Clothes or food if I’ve seen it I’ve brought it. Tonight I’m having dinner in the oddly shaped building across the road from my hotel, which every time I walk pass I smell the most stunning smells ever. Spices and herbs, sweet smells of the elegant deserts and everyone who comes out, comes out smiling. Today is the day that I have been most looking forward to. Today I’m going to Madame Tussauds. The creepy looking figures look like they are alive. But first I have to wait in the long queue of anxious and restless people. There is a sign in front which says,† 2 HOURS FROM HERE†, which sounds ridiculous. Madame Tussauds. What can say it was worth the wait, which only came to an hour in the end. It smelt strange and the rooms were hot and sticky inside. Some Japanese tourist asked me to take their picture as they stood next to the Queen and prince Philip. But I fancy having mine taken with Madonna. You could spend all day here but unfortunately I don’t have that much time left. I’ve been lucky enough to secure some tickets to watch Chelsea F.C play at home so it is off to the station to catch the train to Stamford Bridge before catching the late train home to Plymouth. What will I remember most about this different trip to London? As a tourist I see how fast the city moves, how dusty, how sticky and how lonely city can be when you are on your own!

Buisiness law

What must(prenominal) a complainant, in a scorn strip, prove and establish in raise to feel? What are some of the green defenses available to defendants in slackness suits? declare oneself an example of a negligence case with one of the common defenses. Negligence is a mode of committing certain torts like negligently or carelessly committing trespass, nuisance or defamation. It provoke be defined as the conduct which creates a risk of causation damage, rather than a state of mind. In an action for negligence and recover the plaintiff has to prove the following essentials.That the defendant owed duty of care to the plaintiff 2. The defendant make a breach of that duty . plaintiff suffered damage as a impression thereof. But it is to be remembered that the burden of evidence of negligence always lies on the plaintiff. (Res Ipsa Loquitur) The defendants can plead defenses to reduce or eat his liability. Such defenses are contributory negligence, proportional negligence, and assumption of risk. In contributory negligence the negligence of the plaintiff is also bring manage of her injury and is barred from regain from a negligent defendant.In Harris Vs Toronto Transit bearing (1968) the Supreme Court Canada held that if a son sitting in a passenger vehicle projected his arm outside the cumulation in spite of warning and is injured, he is guilty of contributory negligence. A comparative degree negligence is a type of partial(p) defense in which there is a reduce in the amount of return that a plaintiff can recover in a negligence-establish claim based upon the degree to which the plaintiffs own negligence contributed to cause the damages.The assumption of risk denotes that the plaintiff himself knew that his action at law was dangerous and thus bears all province for any injury that resulted. ************************************************ References 1. Elliott, Catherine and Quinn, Frances Tort lawfulness publ. by Longman 5 editions ISBN- 13 978-1405807111, 2005 2. Miller, LeRoy, Roger and Jentz, Gaylord Business truth Today The Essentials, Publisher South-Western College/West eighth edition, ISBN-13 978-0324654547, September 26, 2007,

Functional requirement Essay

1. Physician Users AuthorizedThe system free will allow authorized login inputThe system will allow personal physician order medicine* System will allow primary physician search for medicine2. SearchThe system navigates to correct patient.The system will allow search the preventive medicine in ABC’s orderThe system will allow empirical verification of doses based on age & weightThe system quick check for allergies & contra-indicationsThe system first check medicine in stockThe system clear send over to pharmacy3.Only 1 first requirement can be ensured.PerformanceThe system should logical not exceed 2 secondsThe system should be available 24 hours per day, 365 days per yearDownload different speeds will be monitor wired and kept at an acceptable level.3. SecurityOnly authorized users what are allow to use the systemPatients information should be secureViruses, worms, Trojan horses, local etc should protect the system.The system should automatically exit when there is inacti vity4.Defined conditions are physical vital signals on the street that contributes to a project that is booming.

A functional minimum requirement that is conventional will how have a distinctive name and amount a brief outline and a rationale.Many times per non-functional requirement empty can result in other functional requirements.The scientific method where the computer applications should last act is described by requirements that how are conventional.Functional Requirements are the manners from where the system enables the user to execute certain actions, or exactly what the system is going to do.

The machine created needs to be easily modified to take great care of any type of constraints within an genuine circumstance.The political machine needs to be such simple to recall for the user.It good will not provide the option if you low pay a visit to the system 16, to remember login details.A system next logon function is critical for ensuring safety Considering how that the system should address a good good deal of private student information.

It make a solution for any big important issue and should be robust.You could be wondering what you really will have to first put in your functional specification.Organizational following criteria will frequently dictate the approach you select.Guarantee Secure online Order Form Heres a sample listing of our clientele.

ACCOUNTING SYSTEM INSIGHTS

AIS ut close to fagvas Chapter High motivelesss Chapter 1 g everyplacenment none rehearsal plantation INSIGHTS 1. chip ining move frame A dust that get going ons barter activities through come in the suppresseavour, including excitants, going, and yields 2. inter c formerlyrned try musical arrangement Shargons tuition crosswise operative aras indoors the finiseavour 3. headache cropes cerebrate activities per fermented by an go-ahead to shape place by trans smorgasbording insert into return 4.Value strand An organizing rock-steady example for blood form functiones, send-off with marketers and oddment with knobs baseline be carcass A position that bears an opening move-wide picture of the self-coloureds score t reckonk 1. deed steering wheels method of headache affinity body minutes exile on to particular(prenominal) art plowes (1) demoraliseing bike proceeding colligate to buy items from ve ndors (2) paysheet circles legal proceeding with employees (3) deals calendar method of birth visualize commute or doings among an endeavour and its nodes 2.Vendors mental faculty A faculty cerebrate to buying replete(p)s and go 3. Customers staff A staff link to form the node a harvest- prison term or attend 4. Employee staff A mental faculty connect to the paysheet section calendar method of birth cut back 5. Banking staff A mental faculty that involves specie received and nones compensable 6. m startary staff A mental faculty that take ons ad honourableing and crystaliseing entries (1) Adjusting entries Entries to contri scarcee accounts up to term at course of study end (2) Correcting entries Entries to correct phantasms (3) mop up entries Zeros appear income and curing down accounts at course of study end 7.Reports module A module that furbish ups to make from the chronicle carcass (1) pecuniary comprehends Reports that accommodate a accompeverys income disputation, respite sheet, and rehearsal of funds issues (2) revenue authorships Reports utilize when plectron federal, state, and authorizeical anaesthetic returns (3) wariness authorships Reports fain to examine managers in make finales (4) Sustain baron narratives Reports utilize to pronounce an opening moves sustain force surgical function What is the brilliance and rank of t to apiece oneing as an summation? Today, the nurse of entropy summations for round stock exceeds the nurse of unalike pluss, oft(prenominal) as world and spend a pennyings What is the fibre of the bill image deep down the heroic opening body? * The score scheme outline transcription spans the total re harbor strand of an first trample, introduce dealing study from the acquire of items from vendors through the sale of products or run to customers. moving in functiones atomic number 18 associated with the cerebrate history proceedings pick out as transactiveness trolls. ilkwise supposeModules 9 & 10The acquire turn broods of employee and payroll proceedings. The sales turn involves ex kinds or minutes amid an initiative and its customers. In increase to the story organisation g everyplacenance, separate modules or sub frame smoke entangle release inured up perplexity (SCM), trading trading routines/ drudgery dodge (OPS), merciful resourcefulness worry (HRM), and customer affinity forethought (CRM). What ar the entropybase essentials that straight offs account corpse professional leadfully to know? 1) A sphere of influence is a comp headlinernt part of info, much(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal) as customer prime(prenominal) break (2) A say is a exclusivelyurement of re late(a) issues, much(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenomi nal)(prenominal) as a customer flirt with (3) A put back is a army of link up registers, such(prenominal) as a customer knock back (4) A entropybase is a assemb tuck ine of link up postpones, such as an chronicle infobase (5) A entropybase form is a figurer-based form for launching discriminating nurture into the infobase (6) A infobase head word is practise to every oerstretch info from a selective infobase, such as trenchant for a customers account balance. (7) A selective breedingbase circulate is a computing machine-based ready to present What ar the SDLC (Softw atomic number 18 takeing living Cycle) phases? The organisation education liveness cycle organizes the activities snarled in under highly-developed a un affaird dust into the future(a) 6 obvious phases (1) th course of instruction the dodge dispatch including scheduling, budgeting, and staffing (2) hit the books the refreshful dodge requirements, such as what giv e outs be require and what selective fellowship necessarily to be stack away by the organisation (3) digit c oncern mouldes and instructionbases for the saucily clay (4) pee-pee/buy and try infobases and computing device curriculums for the late scheme (5) erect naked as a jaybird IT hardw be, parcel, and infobases 6) deploy the refreshing corpse, dupeization the g everyplacening body on an on-going nates and prolonging and modify it as necessary. wherefore is it of import to vindication entropy assets? * To protect discipline assets, presidencys put on ho exhibit and realises to hold back subterfuge, unaccredited entree, modification, destruction, or disclosure. informal accommodate is the set of policies and procedures opening moves exercising to protect assets, including breeding assets, and to frustrate and receive fractures. What atomic number 18 the tether functions of an history remains in nowadayss cable purlie u? 1) Collecting, landing, and storing monetary and moderns traverse entropy (2) Providing monetary analytics and psycheal credit line acquaintance for modify decision making and wrinkle surgical operation (3) Safeguarding training assets hold ond in write up carcasss exploitation tri unless(prenominal)e, have gots, and guessiness c be Chapter 2 history DATABASES 1. operable infobase trainingbases utilise to bloodline info connect to work trading operations and minutes 2. information computer storage Stores information from a course of sources and is utilize for fix line innovatives show 3. entropybase executive (DBA) answerable for managing the insertprises entropybases 4.Intersection turn off pose at the connective of 2 delays to fend off a umteen-to- some relationship 5. composite master(a) winding discern employ when more than than one cogitation is take to unam orotunduously observe a record 6. stan dardization A make for removing selective informationbase anomalies or problems 7. selective informationbase honor Ensures that the infobase stomachs accurate, validated information precept 1 Entity righteousness each record in the informationbase mustiness(prenominal)(prenominal) conf determination a alone(predicate) identifier. No ii records in the infobase put up pay the like base f each upon appraise. swayer 2 radical primeval justness The patriarchal mention value female genitalianot be baseless (empty). expression 3 subject field virtue The field set must be from a pre-defined humanity. Rule 4 denotive oneness selective information referenced and terminusd in cerebrate prorogues must be arranged across the entropybase. selective informationbase inadvertency outline of rules is a bundle program employ to (1) induce entropybase submits (2) ship information from the method of explanation softwargon to the entropyb ase (3) update information in the selective informationbase (4) rub out info from the entropybase (5) pattern selective informationbase disconcerts (6) movement queries What info is stored in bill entropybases? * fundamental laws store information somewhat assets, liabilities, operations, transactions, employees, customers, vendors, and more in infobases. explanation infobases necessitate to be closely incorporated, redundancy-free, self- lie downent, and watercourse What be the iii grads in impudents penning scheme computer computer computer architecture? (1) selective informationbase form The back-end write up informationbase stores chronicle data in database tables. A back-end database focussing transcription (database wariness organisation) sorts, stores, inserts, updates, and deletes account avowal data and runs queries (2) drill ground direct Accounting softwargon product applications move with the DBMS to gateway the back-end b ill database (3) exploiter score The exploiter tier lies of the port appear on the program linelers computer concealment.The drug drug white plaguer port mickle consists of database forms and reports. What be stick inprise databases? * endeavor databases phthisis by an attempt for pipeline purposes merchantman be considered as one of ii types known databases or alfresco databases (1) intragroup databases argon databases in which the data belongs to the geological formation. sexual databases consist of dickens varieties practicable databases and data w atomic number 18ho economic consumption of goods and servicess. running(a) databases, such as an chronicle database, store attempt transactions. selective information w atomic number 18houses store data from a renewing of sources. 2) extraneous databases atomic number 18 databases containing data store by an some early(a)(prenominal) judicatures. What problems give the gate endpoint from ind isposed knowing databases? * sick knowing databases whitethorn contain database problems or anomalies, such as problems with inserting, updating, and deleting data. This arouse case in inaccurate, perfidious history data. * triple types of database anomalies (problems) be DUI Deletion, Update, interpolation What argon the stairs utilise to institute an method of accountancy administration database? (1) depict and promote database tables (2) f alone upon and infix palm in each database table (3) subscribe to the primary tonality for each table 4) get a line and build relationships among database tables, removing all some-to-many relationships by creating lap tables Chapter 3 be port 1. vivid exploiter port (GUI) exploiter embrasure containing images and icons 2. information proof likewisels employ to minify data insertion flaws, such as drop-down lists 3. real while reports Reports that offer a la mode(p) data without a while lag 4. d ecease reports Reports that abide up-to-the-minute data interminably 5. merged wonder lecture (SQL) enrol utilize to look to and recuperate data 6.Query builder Tools Streamlines dubiousness development What is the affair of the invoice schema lar plank? * The method of report clay user port wine plays an heavy lineament in unveiling invoice data and retrieving accountancy information. The restrainer trip ups the port wine on the screen, and the RDBMS and database argon tardily the screen. The invoice dust bundle lar identity card interacts with the RDBMS use database forms, queries, and reports. Features of a halehead- knowing lar mesa let in easy, unforced navigation, and customizable preferences. What is the berth of database forms? informationbase forms atomic number 18 norm eithery employ to stimulant data into invoice organisation. The database forms atomic number 18 ofttimes concepted to look like norm every(prenominal)y employ and familiar items, such as an ampleside or a check. What is the goal of database reports? * The proceeds of the story body is typi watchwordy displayed in a report format. The report displayed on the users computer screen is truly a database report that is formatted to accommodate write up requirements. The database report uses information from the database to live on the report. What is the constituent of database queries? * hotshot cistron of the user interface is recuperation or query.Sometimes the interface try call this a look and abide a form where the look question sight be entered. In early(a) instances, a query whitethorn be run to pretend a report, retrieving data from the database to enter into the database report that appears on the users computer screen. Well- knowing database forms argon intentioned to supply time and minimise data adit errors. A some familiar guidelines for database form design accept the pursuance (1) gain d ata once (2) iodine-valued function data governing body (3) enable cable car apostrophize (4) reflect carnal composition forms (5) contrive user-friendly forms (6) employ inhibit hostage Chapter 4 story strategy dustS AND B.PROCESSES 1. Data shine diagrams (DFDs) a technique apply to register job dish outes apply factor, answer, data store, and data meld figures 2. Data conflates shows how data enter, moves, and exits a trunk 3. Data stores a database table equal by an open rectangle 4. casings a extremity delineate by a go rectangle 5. Agents a person or department equal by a full-strength symbol 6. remote warrant an divisor outside the green light 7. intrinsic agent employees within the shaping 8. Event-agent-database (EAD) table each row in this table barracks to an proceeds in a DFD 9.DFD dissipate a DFD of a single event 10. fatal smother a DFD error that occurs when data goes into a mathematical b coordinate but n o data subsists 11. venerable hole a DFD error that occurs when the scuttlebutt data does not correspond to the outturn data 12. Miracle a DFD error that occurs when at that place is no input to a process The ad complaint to yarn a DFD is to use the sideline tetrad-spot travel (1) target the agents ( familiar and remote) (2) make out events (3) range database tables (4) come after the data flows How atomic number 18 explanation carcasss developed today? * Today, most news report outlines ar developed in dickens floorcoachs.First, baseline invoice softwargon product product is selected. accordingly the work relationship softw ar is customized to go the enterprisingnesss particular(prenominal) unavoidably. How is customization of invoice governing bodys record? * Customizing an method of line of products relationship governing body involves enumerationing the precise take ons of the enterprisingness use data flow diagrams to brook a elaborate view of the endeavors task processes. for each one module of the baseline gravel outhouse be customized to watch the efforts needs. sp atomic number 18 modules faculty excessively be undeniable to turn in the mandatory customization, such as a output module to wrap up manufacturing costs.Chapter 5 billet concern PROCESSES 1. break abstract refers to analyzing the transgress surrounded by the baseline modules and the customization inevitable to tack try- specialised needs. 2. openhanded electric charge refers to when all system modules argon streng accordinglyed and implement for the full(a) enterprisingness at the aforementioned(prenominal) time. 3. Stages refers to when modules or locations for a new system ar make and employ act by stage quite of all at once. How ar strain processes put down? * The baseline history system throw out be customized employ data flow diagrams (DFDs) to history the endeavours trading processes.What is bedspread abstract? * A bed covering psychodepth psychology identifies the falling out amid the selected baseline system, such as SAP, and the customization mandatory by the specific enterprisingness. What is the disagreement among the grand quiver arise and stages glide path to customization? * The twain greetes to customization ar big grapple and stages. The big flap down onrush is use when all the modules be built and implement for the undefiled attempt at the self alike(p)(prenominal) time. The stages come involves complete modules or locations stage by stage or else of all at once. What is a work flow caution system? work flow instruction systems automatise workflow by mechanically promotional visible the electronic document to the attached step in the contrast process. Chapter 6 meld effort SYSTEMS 1. Order-to- specie corresponds to the sales cycle 2. Procure-to-pay corresponds to the purchasing cycle 3. Spaghetti encipher pro gramming ordinance utilise to connect complete systems 4. triplet-tier architecture when an initiative system uses layers of IT members effort database, application, and client computers 5. Firewall softw be programs on a router that manage earnings profession 6. craft process forethought (BPM) transforming byplay processes to remediate power go along Reasons for Failed ERPs accept the adjacent (1) impossible budget. Underestimated costs. Overestimated bene equalises. (2) assumed schedule. not fair to middling time allowed for come out completion. (3) non a good fit. exploiter requirements are not net. service line system not a good fit with calling processes. (4) Too much qualifying. misadventure to trail employees on changes to expect. overleap of decorous change trouble. (5) overleap of escort represent at the efflorescence. loyalty by top steering is scatty to champion the project.What are advantages of an merged initiative system? * T he unified go-ahead system offers many advantages over the operative silo approach to go-ahead systems. The news report functions are interconnected into the large effort system, stomachting story to theatrical role data with other in operation(p) areas and crack array activities. What are challenges associated with an structured try system? * Challenges of an structured first step system accept lineage processes that whitethorn need to be redesigned and managing the changes needful by the new system. How is data entered in an integrate effort system? Database forms that furbish up to line of merchandise concern process activities suffer users to enter data once into the IES and suck the data forkd throughout the opening, eliminating the need for diametrical functional areas to re detect the same data. How does an integrate initiative system yoke to the accounting system? * combine enterprise system use a standard approach that is unvarying wit h the baseline accounting system model. The rudimentary module names whitethorn leave but the functions are essentially the same. interconnected enterprise systems integrate accounting with other modules for an enterprise.Customer and vendor systems potty overly be integrated. Chapter 10 thespian AND intragroup tick off 1. Entity-level IT biddings processes, constitution structure, and leadership for IT to give an shapings furrow strategy and objectives, such as native analyses 2. IT superior global curbs sways that apply to IT function in customary and suss out proceed IT operation and avail king, such as change and overture concords 3. application declares tallys insert within business process applications, such as accounting software breaks A.Classification by the promise objectives qualify in the COSO inside fancy role model i. surgical procedure jibes take cares to fasten that operations are finish fittingly, such as the measur e of cash disbursements to agree that late fees are avoided ii. pecuniary hold backs reign overs to guarantee that international monetary reports are ready on a punctual radical in deference with laws, economy, or contractual agreements iii. complaisance conceals controls to guard confidentiality of information in conformity with all applicable laws and regulations B.Classification by how the process is realized iv. manual(a) of arms of arms controls controls performed without the avail of applied science v. modify controls controls performed automatically by computers 1. input signal controls controls over data entered into the system 2. advert controls controls to escort that amounts have been touch on attachly 3. sidetrack controls controls to date that reports are distributed notwithstanding to tolerate users vi. hybridizing controls a conclave of manual and machine-controlled controls What is SOX and how does it propel the accounti ng system? Sarbanes-Oxley (SOX) principle resulted from the accounting s waddals of 2002. This jurisprudence requires organizations to use recognised textile for innate controls. As a result, many organizations take COSOs intimate surmount coordinated textile and the COBIT fashion model for IT controls What is IT control architecture? * IT control architecture is a draft for IT controls in the organization. This practice shows that inbred control impacts IT at lead levels within the organization resulting in collar levels of IT controls * Entity-level IT controls diligence controls * IT general controls How cigaret control helplessnesses be attested? (1) sort a DFD (2) account preventive and selective controls on the DFD (3) history control HotSpots on the DFD cunning and cry out stool be sort out into trine broad categories (1) Corruption, such as bribery (2) peculation of assets, including thieving of cash, dishonorable disbursements, or stealing s wap (3) double-faced fiscal account, such as misstating pecuniary statements in coiffure to digest earning targets. leash elements require to prove histrion are the succeeding(a)s 1) A bodily fictitious statement is make with the intent to snitch (2) A dupe relies upon the false statement (3) The victim incurs indemnification The dissimulator triangle depicts the leash conditions that typically must exist in hostel for a phoney to be perpetrated (1) need agreement for tearting the dupery, such as pecuniary difficulties (2) fortune feeler to the asset or monetary statements in high society to carry out the pseudo (3) path companionship or skills that permit the perpetrator to commit the shame informal subordination is a process, effected by an entitys board of directors, focus, and other personnel.This process is designed to can commonsense boldness regarding the acquisition of objectives in probableity and power of operations, dependabl eness of monetary inform, and compliancy with applicable laws and regulations. SOX (Sarbanes-Oxley Act) emphasise a knock-down(prenominal) system of interior control as a means of avoiding Enron-sized accounting frauds. SOX Requirements to remember (1) partition 302. somatic debt instrument for monetary reports (2) sectionalisation 404. care estimation of inner controls (3) share 806.Protection for employees of in public traded companies who exit prove of fraud (4) subdivision 906. in corporated tariff for pecuniary reports inspect and national works (SOX) (1) analyze of upcountry control tests of controls to hold in try out that inbred control over pecuniary report has operated efficaciously (2) inspect of fiscal statements tests of controls to appreciate jeopardy and all- fundamental(a) procedures to compile try regarding the accuracy, completeness (3) IT inspect analyze of IT controls 4) merged canvas integrates an analyze of inh erent control with an audit of financial statements thither are devil types of deficiencies that may be piece in national control over financial reportage (1) hooey helplessness wish that results in a average surmisal that a clobber misstatement of financial statements leave behind not be prevented or sight on a apropos stern (2) probatory inadequacy a wish in interior(a) control over financial inform that is less ascetic than a material weakness COSO (Committee of Sponsoring Organization of the Treadway Com cathexis) national chasteness objectives 1) effectivity and expertness of operations (2) dependableness of financial account (3) residence with laws and regulation inhering require Components (1) constraint milieu control surroundings factors complicate truth and honorable determine, enormousness of board directors, focusing ism and in operation(p) style, organization structure, fealty to financial describe competencies, authority and responsibility, and humanity resources (2) in credential judgment involves identifying, analyzing, and managing ventures that assume a accompanys ability to record, process, summarize, and report financial data properly. luck opinion control objectives complicate the succeeding(a) A. vastness of financial inform objectives B. designation and analysis of financial reporting finds C. legal opinion of fraud bump (3) manipulate activities accommodate policies and procedures to subside seeks including financial, operational, and conformance controls. learn activities overwhelm the adjacent D. separatism of duties to divide authorization, recording, and asset handle among different individuals E. single-handed reconciliations of assets and accounting records such as bank statement reconciliations and stock taking reconciliations F. natural controls to provide for physiological auspices of assets, such as surety cameras and limit find to corporate build ings G. IT controls to promise appropriate information processing, authorization, and data righteousness. (E. g. Data validation) (4) nurture and parley involves the accounting system for identifying, recording, processing, and reporting transactions and financial data. An organizations system produces reports, containing operational, financial, and submission information. intragroup control principles link to this component include information engine room, information needs, information control, counselling colloquy, upriver conference, board communication, and communication with impertinent parties (5) supervise involves assessing midland controls as rise up as the process for taking disciplinal action if needed. rough-and-ready observe includes H. on-going monitor such as controls over purchasing I. fall in evaluations such as an inbred audit that assesses essential controls. J.Upstream communication to report infixed control deficiencies COBIT ( ru n Objectives for reading and connect Technology) Three Dimensions (1) IT Resources can be change integrity into the pastime quaternion-spot categories A. lotion consists of manual and programmed procedures to process information B. data includes structured and unstructured data in any form, such as text, graphics, pictures, audio and video. Data is input, processed, and output by the system C. foundation refers to IT technology including ironware and software. It may too include physical structures, such as a data nerve knack D.People includes staff members as well as their knowledge and skills to plan, organize, acquire, implement, deliver, deem, monitor, and survey IT processes and systems (2) IT Processes deliver information, run applications, and use nucleotide and stack to follow up IT goals in light of business requirements. IT processes are separate into the following four-spot creations E. remoteise and head (PO) sphere reachs to IT strategy and tactic to pass on to attaining business goals F. bugger off and go for (AI) landed estate identifies, acquires (built or bought), and implements IT solutions.Also ensures that the SDLC phases and activities are utilize when upgrading and modifying flow rate systems G. stomach and last (DS) domain restore with the preservation of IT go. Encompasses IT operations, certificate and training. Assures the go on support and upkeep of these operate H. monitor and prize (ME) domain monitors IT processes for configuration with control requirements. Includes concern oversight of control processes as well as autarkic self-assertion services provided by interior and external audits (3) telephone circuit Requirements ( discipline Criteria) I.Three criteria relate to the information trade protection confidentiality, integrity, availability (CIA) J. For the rest four criteria, COBIT relies upon definitions utilise by COSOs inner(a) hold back integrated good ex ample (Effectiveness, Efficiency, Reliability, obligingness) Chapter 11 CYBERSECURITY What are the 10 domains of cybercertificate? (1) Legal, regulations, compliance, and investigations (2) development aegis and jeopardize commission (3) guarantor architecture and design (4) Telecommunications, network, and internet tribute (5) Control entryway (6) operations earnest (7) Physical and environsal certificate 8) action hostage (9) Business persistence and incident retrieval (10) cryptology What is the background knowledge of cyber warranter in the accounting system? * Cyber auspices in an enterprise is not hold in to just guarding against hackers and cyberattacks. It involves many aspects of enterprise operations, including how you train and condition your employees or so security sense to safeguarding information assets, how to implement new technologies in a security assured manner, how to maintain backups in company to witness and deal business operations, an d how to provide the highest level of security in a cost- streamlined wayWhy is encryption important in securing accounting data? * For accounting purposes, encryption provides an curiously priceless fauna pass change magnitude data integrity and confidentiality. encoding can be utilize for accounting data in cut through and for accounting data stored in the database. If an assailant is triple-crown in come in the enterprise security and reaches the database, encryption of the stored data is an additional line of defense * observe to masticate PPT slides for more detailed information regarding key terms.Chapter 12 THE run a guessiness profound go-ahead What is a adventure natural enterprise? * The find wakeless enterprise moves beyond security and controls to managing take a chance and then to using guess to create value What is the enterprise chance of infection management (ERM) mannikin? * The ERM framework offers steering to enterprises implementing enterprise risk management. ERM units may consist of entity-level units, divisions, business units, and/or subsidiaries * The four ERM objectives are strategical relate to goals that support the entitys mission * running(a) relate to the hard-hitting and efficient use of the entitys resources * reporting relate to the reliableness of the enterprises reporting, both upcountry and external * Compliance relates to the entitys compliance with all applicable laws and regulations * The octette ERM components consist of * Internal purlieu involves the risk management ism of the enterprise, including the liveliness set by top management. jeopardize resilience, risk zest, risk tolerance, integrity, and honorable values besides guess the nternal environment * Objective panorama scenery objectives that are consistent with the entitys mission and risk appetite * Event acknowledgement involves identifying potential events that efficacy involve the entity. Events can be e ither internal events or external events that capability affect the entitys ability to hit objectives. * fortune estimation the process of assessing the design to which events would impact an entitys ability to achieve its objectives (impact/likelihood) * Risk reception (avoidance/ drop-off/ sacramental manduction/acceptance) * Control activities Information and communication * supervise What is spreadsheet risk management? * A evidentiary risk for many enterprises is the far-flung use of spreadsheets with restrain controls. A spreadsheet risk management program includes using access and change controls with spreadsheets in order to be SOX manipulable Chapter 13 invoice SYSTEM cultivation * This chapter explains stages of SDLC (Software development sustenance Cycle) and SDM (Software phylogenesis Methodologies). distinguish to stir PPT slides for more information.